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Abstract
Introduction: Physical literacy (PL) is crucial for promoting lifelong physical activity, yet there is a lack of validated instruments to measure perceived PL among urban adolescents in Indonesia. This study aimed to adapt and validate the perceived physical literacy questionnaire (PPLQ) for Indonesian adolescents, creating the PPLQ Indonesian version (PPLQ-Id).
Methods: The study involved a comprehensive process of translating, culturally adapting, and validating the PPLQ for the Indonesian context. A sample of 519 adolescents aged 12-18 from various educational institutions in Semarang, Indonesia, participated in the study. The psychometric properties of PPLQ-Id were assessed through exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modelling (SEM), construct validity testing and reliability analysis.
Result: EFA revealed a two-factor structure explaining 53.101% of the total variance. SEM confirmed the six-domain structure of PL with acceptable model fit (RMSEA = 0.043, CFI = 0.904, SRMR = 0.050). The physical activity behavior (PAB) domain showed the highest loading (139.472) on the PL construct. Construct validity analysis indicated strong correlations between physical competence and motivation (MOT) (rs = 0.503, p < 0.01) and between MOT and understanding (UND) (rs = 0.505, p < 0.01). The instrument showed no significant differences across gender or education levels. Reliability analysis yielded a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.613 after adjustments.
Conclusion: The PPLQ-Id demonstrates potential as a valid and reliable instrument for measuring perceived PL among Indonesian adolescents. However, some domains, particularly knowledge and PAB, require further refinement. This study provides a foundation for UND and promoting PL in the Indonesian urban context, with implications for public health strategies to increase physical activity among adolescents.
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Article Type: Original Article
ELECTRON J GEN MED, Volume 23, Issue 3, June 2026, Article No: em735
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejgm/18584
Publication date: 22 May 2026
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